BIOLOGY



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Reviewed by GL: Use your own words! ======


// Homework 18/08/09

Cofactors: // Is a component, other than the protein portion, of many enzymes. If the cofactor is removed from a complete enzyme (holoenzyme), the protein component (apoenzyme) no longer has catalytic activity. A cofactor that is firmly bound to the apoenzyme and cannot be removed without denaturing the latter is termed a prosthetic group; most such groups contain an atom of metal such as copper or iron. A cofactor that is bound loosely to the apoenzyme and can be readily separated from it is called a [|coenzyme]. Coenzymes take part in the catalyzed reaction, are modified during the reaction, and may require another enzyme-catalyzed reaction for restoration to their original state. Enzymes: Enzymes are catalysts. Most are [|proteins]. (A few [|ribonucleoprotein] enzymes have been discovered and, for some of these, the catalytic activity is in the RNA part rather than the protein part.) Enzymes bind temporarily to one or more of the [|reactants] of the reaction they catalyze. In doing so, they lower the amount of activation energy needed and thus speed up the reaction. // Ribozymes: // Ribozymes are molecular scissors that cut RNA, the molecular messages given by genes in order to produce proteins. These molecular scissors provide a very useful means of studying gene function since by cutting the RNA with a Ribozymes a gene can be effectively turned off. Such a turning off of the gene can then be studied in terms of what happens to the cell structure in the cell in which the gene has been turned off and in terms of what happens to the molecular soup within the cell itself. Naturally occurring ribozymes include: ** Vitamins: **  Vitamin D in milk helps your [|bones].  Vitamin A in carrots helps you [|see] at night.  Vitamin C in oranges helps your body heal if you get a [|cut].  B vitamins in leafy green vegetables help your body make [|protein] and energy.  Resurces: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">[] [] [] []
 * [|Peptidyl transferase 23S rRNA]
 * [|RNase P]
 * [|Group I and Group II introns]
 * [|GIR1 branching ribozyme][|[9]]
 * [|Leadzyme] - Although initially created in vitro, natural examples have been found
 * [|Hairpin ribozyme]
 * [|Hammerhead ribozyme]
 * [|HDV ribozyme]
 * [|Mammalian CPEB3 ribozyme]
 * [|VS ribozyme]
 * [|glmS ribozyme]
 * [|CoTC ribozyme]
 * Vitamins ** and minerals are substances that are found in foods we eat. Your body needs them to work properly, so you grow and develop just like you should. When it comes to vitamins, each one has a special role to play. For example:

Reviewed by GL

Because mitochondria is the producer of energy any problem with it would cause a drastic change in a person. Some deaseases are: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.2pt;"> -Alzheimer’s Dementia. -Parkinson’s disease. -Huntington Disease. -Amyotrophic. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">-Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). -Mental retardation. -Deafness and blindness. -Diabetes. -Obesity. -Cardiovascular disease. -Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. -Sjogrens syndrome. - Solid tumors.
 * INVESTIGATION: Search information about diseases caused by mitochondrial defects or misfunctions. **

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Sources:[|www.umdf.org]

Reviewed by GL

9/3/09 Aristotle, Lazzaros Pallani, Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur, how are they related? They are related because they all studied and believed in abiogenesis, that is the supposed development of living organisms from nothing.It is also called autogenesis or spontaneous generation.

Aristotle

Francesco Redi

Louis Pasteur